IMMUNOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF MICE TO NATIVE PROTOPLASMIC POLYSACCHARIDE AND LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE

Immunological Responses of Mice to Native Protoplasmic Polysaccharide and Lipopolysaccharide

Functional separation of the two signals involved in stimulating immunological responses was achieved through the judicious use of two natural bacterial antigens. Native protoplasmic polysaccharide (NPP) extracted from Escherichia coli was immunochemically identical to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) extracted from the same organism. However, NPP was not endotoxic, not mitogenic, did not fix compl...

Physical structure of a native protoplasmic polysaccharide from Escherichia coli.

IMMUNOLOGICAL R E S P O N S E S OF MICE TO NATIVE PROTOPLASMIC POLYSACCHARIDE AND LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE Functional Separation of the Two Signals Required to Stimulate a Secondary Antibody Response*

There have been several recent hypotheses about the nature of the signals which cause act ivat ion of bursa-equivalent cells (B cells) during an immunological response (cf. 1). In one theory it was proposed that a single, antigen-specific signal induced B cells to produce antibodies (2). On the other hand, Coutinho et al. (3) suggested tha t act ivation of B cells was the result of one nonspeci...

native speaker norms and teaching english to non_native speakers : the case of iranian efl learners

امروزه، این که زبان انگلیسی سریع ترین و گسترده ترین زبان مورد استفاده در سراسر جهان است به عنوان یک واقعیت پذیرفته شده است. استفاده مشترک از زبان انگلیسی به عنوان یک زبان بین المللی مستلزم هنجارها و مدل های یادگیری و تدریس زبان است. زبان شناسان توجه ویژه ای به مفهوم "زبان مادری" به عنوان تنها منبع درست و قابل اعتماد از داده های زبان می داده اند.با این حال، این اصطلاح به اندازه کافی روشن به نظر ...

Endotoxin-altering activity of plasma does not affect antigenicity of native protoplasmic polysaccharide.

The capacity to precipitate quantitatively with homologous antiserum of native protoplasmic polysaccharide from Escherichia coli was not reduced by incubation in human plasma; it was reduced with the immunochemically related lipopolysaccharide.